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An Independent and New Statesman Book of the Year
Beyond the familiar online world that most of us inhabit—a world of Google, Facebook, and Twitter—lies a vast and often hidden network of sites, communities, and cultures where freedom is pushed to its limits, and where people can be anyone, or do anything, they want. This is the world of Bitcoin and Silk Road, of radicalism and pornography. This is the Dark Net.
In this important and revealing book, Jamie Bartlett takes us deep into the digital underworld and presents an extraordinary look at the internet we don't know. Beginning with the rise of the internet and the conflicts and battles that defined its early years, Bartlett reports on trolls, pornographers, drug dealers, hackers, political extremists, Bitcoin programmers, and vigilantes—and�puts a human face on those who have many reasons to stay anonymous.
Rich with historical research and revelatory reporting,�The Dark Net�is an unprecedented, eye-opening look at a world that doesn't want to be known.
- Sales Rank: #61368 in eBooks
- Published on: 2015-06-02
- Released on: 2015-06-02
- Format: Kindle eBook
Review
An NPR Best Book of 2015
Included in The Washington Post's Notable Nonfiction of 2015
“Bartlett combines an insider’s expertise with a neophyte’s tale of discovery. Rather than measure the pros and cons of the Web, he maps its frontiers without judgment. The result is a lucid inquiry into the relationship between technology and freedom that’s also a captivating beach book."
—Washington Post
A Best Summer Books pick by Kevin Nguyen, NPR's "On Point"
“A welcome deep dive into the anonymous Internet."
—Flavorwire, The 15 Best Nonfiction Books of the Year So Far
“One of the truly indispensable works of nonfiction released in 2015."
—Jonathon Sturgeon, Flavorwire
“It is Bartlett’s plentiful and fascinating interviews with the denizens of the dark net that make his book so compelling... Quite worrying, a bit disgusting, highly voyeuristic, and occasionally very funny: this is the nature of both the dark net and The Dark Net."
—Barnes & Noble Review
“Bartlett is the ideal guide: capable and ever-ready to ferry the reader to the dark side of the Internet."
—Flavorwire, 10 Must-Read Books for June
“Fascinating...a provocative journey through the deep web’s history, its varied guiding philosophies, and the bizarre, iconoclastic, often criminal behaviors it conceals and energizes."
—Brooklyn Rail
“Bartlett doesn’t just tell us about the dark net; he also rips through the cloak of anonymity to let us meet some of its denizens... It’s a disturbing book, but it’s meant to be."
—Booklist
“A provocative excursion to the darker side of human nature set free by the anonymous and unregulated boundaries of cyberspace."
—Kirkus Reviews
“Reveals a hidden, seedy world where people lurk behind pseudonyms and dupe others into revealing their bodies on camera to be used against them in public shaming. If you’re shocked to discover that last year approximately 20 per cent of drug users bought their stash online, you’ll find this fascinating. Bartlett is an able guide on a journey through the margins of the web.”
—Max Wallis,�Independent, Books of the Year
�
�“A judgement-free look at the mechanics of trolling and other internet bad behaviour and generates more light than heat.”
—Helen Lewis,�New Statesman, Books of the Year
�
“A hell of an achievement . . . Buy it and read it.”
—Hugo Rifkind,�The Times (London)
�
“Bartlett anatomises the usual bogeymen and demonstrates that they’re real. The Dark Net�is, for anyone engaged with the web and the effects it is having on our culture, necessary reading . . . a flashlight in a dark, dark cellar.”
—Michael Bywater,�Spectator
�
“A fascinating and disturbing exploration of the outer edges of the internet and the human mind.”
—Josh Cohen
�
“A fascinating and disturbing journey through the furthest recesses of the Internet. Jamie Bartlett is an expert guide . . . he shines an invaluable light on a world that remains determinedly opaque.”
—Ian Burrell,�Independent
�
“[A] thorough and assiduously researched account of the deviantly erotic, subversive and criminal aspects of web life.”
—Bryan Appleyard,�Sunday Times
�
“A confident and well-informed guide . . . By meeting the people behind the online activity, Bartlett humanises it.”
—Douglas Heaven,�New Scientist
�
“The Dark Net�offers smart, provoking reportage from the crooked crannies of digital culture, married to a quietly impressive analysis of how technology is amplifying both the best and the worst of us. Required reading for anyone looking to escape media hysteria and get to grips with the 21st century's most compelling, discomforting complexities.”
—Tom Chatfield
�
“A well-researched book, studded with enlightening interviews.”
—Mail on Sunday
About the Author
JAMIE BARTLETT�is the Director of the Centre for the Analysis of Social Media at the think tank Demos, where he specializes in online social movements and the impact of technology on society. Prior to his work with Demos, he was a research associate at the international humanitarian agency Islamic Relief and conducted field research in Pakistan and Bangladesh. A graduate of the London School of Economics and the University of Oxford, Bartlett writes a weekly column on technology for the Telegraph and is a frequent commentator for media outlets throughout the world. He lives in London.
Excerpt. � Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
INTRODUCTION
LIBERTY OR DEATH
I have heard rumors about this website, but I still cannot quite�believe that it exists. I am looking at what I think is a hit list. There�are photographs of people I recognize—prominent politicians,�mostly—and, next to each, an amount of money. The site’s creator,�who uses the pseudonym Kuwabatake Sanjuro, thinks that if you�could pay to have someone murdered with no chance—I mean�absolutely zero chance—of being caught, you would. That’s one of�the reasons why he has created the Assassination Market. There�are four simple instructions listed on its front page:
>Add a name to the list
>Add money to the pot in the person’s name
>Predict when that person will die
>Correct predictions get the pot
The Assassination Market can’t be found with a Google search. It�sits on a hidden, encrypted part of the internet that, until recently,�could only be accessed with a browser called The Onion Router,
or Tor. Tor began life as a U.S. Naval Research Laboratory project,�but today exists as a not-for-profit organization, partly funded by�the U.S. government and various civil liberties groups, allowing
millions of people around the world to browse the internet anonymously�and securely.�To put it simply, Tor works by repeatedly�encrypting computer activity and routing it via several network
nodes, or “onion routers,” in so doing concealing the origin, destination,�and content of the activity. Users of Tor are untraceable,�as are the websites, forums, and blogs that exist as Tor Hidden�Services, which use the same traffic encryption system to cloak�their location.
The Assassination Market may be hosted on an unfamiliar part�of the net, but it’s easy enough to find, if you know how to look.�All that’s required is simple (and free) Tor software. Then sign�up, follow the instructions, and wait. It is impossible to know the�number of people who are doing exactly that, but at the time of�writing, if I correctly predict the date of the death of Ben Bernanke,�the former chairman of the Federal Reserve, I’d receive�approximately $56,000.
It may seem like a fairly pointless bet. It’s very difficult to guess�when someone is going to die. That’s why the Assassination Market�has a fifth instruction:
>Making your prediction come true is entirely optional
THE DARK NET
The Assassination Market is a radical example of what people�do online when under the cover of real or perceived anonymity.�Beyond the more familiar world of Google, Hotmail, and Amazon�lies another side to the internet: the dark net.
For some, the dark net refers to the encrypted world of Tor�Hidden Services, where users cannot be traced, and cannot be�identified. For others, it is those sites not indexed by conventional�search engines: an unknowable realm of password-protected�pages, unlinked websites, and hidden content accessible only to�those in the know, sometimes referred to as the “deep web.” It�has also become a catchall term for the myriad shocking, disturbing,�and controversial corners of the net—the realm of imagined�criminals and lurking predators.
The dark net, for me, describes an idea more than a particular�place: internet underworlds set apart yet connected to the internet�we inhabit, worlds of freedom and anonymity, where users say�and do what they like, often uncensored, unregulated, and outside�of society’s norms. It is dark because we rarely see these parts of�digital life, save the occasional flash of a hysterical news report�or shocking statistic. This is not a book about Tor, since the net is�full of obscure corners, of secret back alleys on parts of the internet�you likely already know: social media sites, normal websites,�forums, chat rooms. I focus instead on those digital cultures and�communities that appear, to those that aren’t part of them, dark,�insidious, and beyond society’s gaze—wherever I found them.
This dark net is rarely out of the news—with stories of young�people sharing homemade pornography, of cyberbullies and trolls�tormenting strangers, of hackers stealing and leaking personal�photos, of political or religious extremists peddling propaganda,�of illegal goods, drugs, and confidential documents only a click�or two away appearing in headlines almost daily—but it is still a�world that is, for the most part, unexplored and little understood.�In reality, few people have ventured into the darker recesses of the�net to study these sites in any detail.�
I started researching radical social and political movements in�2007, when I spent two and a half years following Islamist extremists�around Europe and North America, trying to piece together�a fragmented and largely disjointed real-world network of young�men who sympathized with al-Qaeda ideology. By the time I’d�finished my work in 2010, the world seemed to be different. Every�new social or political phenomenon I encountered—from conspiracy�theorists to far-right activists to drug cultures—was increasingly�located and active online. I would frequently interview�the same person twice—once online and then again in real life—and feel as if I was speaking to two different people. I was finding�parallel worlds with different rules, different patterns of behavior,�different protagonists. Every time I thought I’d reached the bottom�of one online culture, I discovered other connected, secretive�realms still unexplored. Some required a level of technical knowhow�to access, some were extremely easy to find. Although an�increasingly important part of many people’s lives and identities,�these online spaces are mostly invisible: out of reach and out of�view. So I went in search of them.
My journey took me to new places online and offline. I became�the moderator of an infamous trolling group and spent weeks in�forums dedicated to cutting, starving, or killing yourself. I explored�the labyrinthine world of Tor Hidden Services in search�of drugs, and to study child pornography networks. I witnessed�online wars between neo-Nazis and antifascists on popular social�media sites, and signed up to the latest porn channels to examine�current trends in homemade erotica. I visited a Barcelona squat�with anarchist Bitcoin programmers, run-down working men’s�clubs to speak to extreme nationalists, and a messy bedroom to�observe three girls make a small fortune performing sexually explicit�acts on camera to thousands of viewers. By exploring and�comparing these worlds, I also hoped to answer a difficult question:�do the features of anonymity and connectivity free the darker�sides of our nature? And if so, how?
The Dark Net is not an effort to weigh up the pros and cons�of the internet. The same anonymity that allows the Assassination�Market to operate also keeps whistleblowers, human-rights�campaigners, and activists alive. For every destructive subculture�I examined there are just as many that are positive, helpful, and�constructive.
Because the internet has become so interwoven into the fabric�of our lives, it presents a challenge to our existing notions of�anonymity, privacy, freedom, and censorship—throwing up new�challenges not yet resolved: should we have the right to complete�anonymity online? Are our “digital” identities distinct from our�“real” ones—and what does that mean? Are we prone to behave in�particular ways when we sit behind a screen? What are the limits�of free expression in a world where every idea is a click away?�Particularly since the revelations of the former National Security�Agency contractor Edward Snowden, these questions dominate�debates and discussion about the role of internet privacy and freedom�in an increasingly digital world. I don’t propose any easy�answers or solutions. I’m not sure that there are any. This book�is not a polemic—more modestly, it is a series of portraits about�how these issues play out at the fringes. I leave it entirely to you to�decide what you think it means.
Most helpful customer reviews
141 of 153 people found the following review helpful.
Misleading title, subject matter not particularly obscure
By BillowingSheets
Despite its title being "The Dark Net", don't expect this book to be entirely, or even mostly, about the "darknet", "dark internet", "deep web" or "deepnet". Three of those terms have subtly differing meanings. Websites accessible only with special software, such as the Tor browser (aka the "deep web" or "deepnet"), feature prominently only in one chapter, which focuses on their use in trading illegal drugs.
The subtitle, "Inside the Digital Underworld", also seems misleading, as most of the book is not about illegal activity. Personally, the word "underworld" also carries connotations with "inaccessibility", "obscurity", and previously unthought-of lifestyles and subcultures. Disappointingly, there was basically no form of human behaviour here that I wasn't already aware of. I'll give you a rough rundown of the subjects of each chapter from memory and let you decide for yourself:
1. A history of flaming and trolling going back to Arpanet, including the practice on 4chan's /b/ board of using the details in posters' nude self-pics to identify them.
Some information on the "cypherpunks", a crypto-anarchist group.
2. British nationalist and anti-extremist groups creating echo-chambers for themselves on Facebook and infiltrating each-other's management networks.
3. Programmers living in an anarchist commune in Barcelona working to improve Bitcoin.
Applications for the Bitcoin blockchain idea, such as Twister (decentralized P2P microblogging).
Some detail on Satoshi Nakamoto, creator of Bitcoin.
4. An unpleasant chapter on a man's descent into pedophilia, going from "teens" to "jailbait" to young girls, and only realizing the severity of his actions once the police called around to his house.
Pedophile networks, and the people working to combat them.
Some detail on the psychological effects of internet use, such as dis-association.
5. Finally, a chapter on Tor-only websites. Describes the author's successful attempt to buy a small amount of cannabis. Looks at their capacity to rapidly adapt to FBI infiltration. The author finds that they are remarkable accessible, easy-to-use, and relatively risk-free.
6. The author meets a cam girl as she puts on a show and receives tips from hundreds of viewers.
Many viewers compete to be particular cam girl's highest tippers, making friends with them and other viewers.
7. Investigates the subjects of pro-anorexia and bulimia web forums, and sites where suicidal people can receive support and advice on how to commit the act. Follows a character named Amelia made up of several sources as she is sucked into the friendly, supportive, yet toxic atmosphere of a pro-anorexia site. She is hospitalized and eventually recovers.
8 (Conclusion). Investigates trans-humanist and anarcho-primitavist proponents.
A little on the "singularity" concept.
Wraps it up by saying that the web doesn't really have depth; everything is only a few clicks away if you know where to look.
After the initial disappointment of finding that it wasn't entirely about the hidden web, I was hoping it would take more of an anthropological approach, where the aim would be to shed light on properly obscure off-shoots of human experience, e.g. otherkins, furries, conspiracy theorists, dark magicians, what have you. Instead, it reads like a series of long-form magazine articles like you might pass the time with on a plane journey.
Far too much of the material in this book was simply fleshing-out stories I was already familiar with from mainstream newspapers and websites. Reddit's Futurology section, for example, where most of the information to be found in chapter 8 is widely disseminated, is often accessible from the home page and currently has 1.25 million subscribers.
I also felt the asking price was too steep for what it is: I paid $16 for this on Kindle. I hope this review prevents others who are now in the position I was a few days ago from making the same mistake.
26 of 29 people found the following review helpful.
An engrossing and comprehensive read, even for experienced dark net users.
By Andrew McMillen
Beneath the surface of the well-trod online paths characterised by familiar corporate names — Google, eBay, YouTube, iTunes — mainstream news and entertainment portals lies a hidden layer: the “dark net’’, a shadier cousin of the comparatively generalist ‘‘cyberspace’’. It cannot be accessed by traditional web browsers, only via anonymising software called Tor, an acronym for The Onion Router, a cute nod to the network’s technical complexity.
In his introduction to 'The Dark Net', British author Jamie Bartlett describes this online realm as “a place without limits, a place to push boundaries, a place to express ideas without censorship, a place to sate our curiosities and desires, whatever they may be. All dangerous, magnificent and uniquely human qualities”.
Yet the dark net is best known for enabling the development and proliferation of two shady human endeavours: marketplaces for illicit drugs and child pornography hubs, areas that Bartlett interrogates in some detail. However, the title of this book is a bit misleading: rather than peeling back the onion’s layers, Bartlett broadens his scope by examining the “myriad shocking, disturbing and controversial corners of the net — the realm of imagined criminals and predators of all shapes and sizes”.
He begins by tracing the history of the internet, and how the ‘‘online disinhibition effect’’ led to incendiary behaviours such as ‘‘trolling’’ and ‘‘flaming’’. This section is enlightening and well written. Even though I’ve been a heavy internet user for nearly 15 years, I learned a lot.
“Whether we like it or not, trolling is a feature of the online world today,” Bartlett concludes. “As we all live more of our lives online, trolls might help us to recognise some of the dangers of doing so, make us a little more careful, and a little more thick-skinned. One day, we might even thank them for it.”
He takes a magnifying glass to idealistic encryption software and ‘‘cryptocurrencies’’ such as Bitcoin, as well as social networks devoted to inflammatory topics such as self-harm, anorexia and British nationalism. The tone throughout is more journalistic than judgmental: “For every destructive subculture I examined,” he writes, “there are just as many that are positive, helpful and constructive.”
The Bitcoin chapter takes him to a techno-commune in Barcelona, where programmers code through the night, fuelled by the libertarian promise of the unregul�ated currency. But the author isn’t convinced: “... if everyone starts using Bitcoin, government’s ability to tax and spend will diminish: healthcare, education and social security will suffer. The things that hold democracies together, and provide support for the most in need. Societies cannot be broken and fixed like computer code, nor do they follow predictable mathematical rules. If genuinely anonymous communication becomes the norm, it’s inevitable that it will be used by criminals too.” Such caution is prescient: in August, the Australian Taxation Office published a paper stating its views on Bitcoin, including its intention to treat it not as a currency but as an asset, akin to property or shares — a move that has been criticised by Bitcoin proponents as shortsighted and ill-informed.
The line about criminals quoted above is explored in depth, too, when Bartlett inadvertently stumbles across a child pornography website while browsing the dark net’s Hidden Wiki. “Once I’d opened my Tor browser, it took me two mouse clicks to arrive at the page advertising the link,” he writes. “If I had clicked again, I would have committed an extremely serious crime. I can’t think of another instance where doing something so bad is so easy.”
This narrative thread takes him to the Internet Watch Foundation, an organisation devoted to removing online child pornography. At its offices in Cambridgeshire, no family photos are allowed on desks, part of an effort to keep private and professional lives separate.
Bartlett, who is director of the Centre for the Analysis of Social Media at London think tank Demos, also interfaces with illicit drug marketplaces such as Silk Road, receiving a small amount of cannabis through the postal system after paying for it with Bitcoin. Here his tone is one of academic distance: “Inside, the product was carefully sealed, the correct weight and, according to an expert friend of mine, appeared to be extremely good quality.”
In the book’s most entertaining vignette, Bartlet sits in on a ‘‘camgirl’’ broadcast wherein three young women pleasure themselves and each other in exchange for cash tips from their thousands of global viewers. “The three of them are sitting on the bed in sexy clothes, arms around each other like a school gang,” he writes breathlessly. “I am sitting just off-camera, two feet away from the bed, a pad of paper and my laptop on my knees […] It all feels a little strange, to say the least.”
Bartlett covers a lot of ground in 'The Dark Net' without becoming bogged down in technical minutiae. Even experienced dark net users will find this book engrossing. He also refuses to buy into the hysteria about this online realm: “In the dark net, we can simply find more, do more and see more. And in the dark net we have to be careful, cautious and responsible.”
Originally published in The Weekend Australian Review, November 8 2014: http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/jamie-bartletts-the-dark-net-delves-into-internets-murky-depths/story-fn9n8gph-1227114478575
18 of 20 people found the following review helpful.
An excellent read
By Totnes Nigel
I've been using computers for many years now and had roles in IT in various forms. It took me a while to take to the Internet - dial-up modems were not exactly conducive to making any real use of what was out there and I am not a patient soul. However by the start of this century I was making extensive use of the Internet both personally and for work and have continued to do so ever since. I often heard things about "the other internet" and was aware of TOR for concealing your presence (in a sense) while browsing. However it is only in the past few years that I've become aware of the implication of the Dark Net and so the opportunity to read this book was very appealing.
The introduction sets out quite clearly the author's experience of the Dark Net as well as his intention not to judge but to shine a light on places unknown to the majority of the online community. I can really only say that I think he succeeds in this very well allowing the fact that even the known Internet is vast and a lot of that is unknown so the light is being shone into very small spaces in a sense. The author comes over very quickly as knowledgeable and I found it well written and easy to read; the style to me is upper end journalism rather than dryly academic. I feel it should be pointed out that this is not a book for the faint hearted - what is written about is quite graphic and unpleasant at times.
The book ranges widely by chapter covering aspects such as the history of the Internet from the early days of BBS and Usenet through to sites such as 4chan, fark and the use of facebook in ways I'd not come across. Extremists, trolls and trolling, Bitcoin, cryptography, drugs, porn and abuse sites are all looked at as well as some other aspects coming up to date with information from the late Spring of this year (2014). The book also looks at the sociology & psychology of Dark Net and Internet in general. As someone who was a fairly early user of Usenet, I found the author seemed to set a good balance between information and information overload.
Whilst about Internet use, "light" and "dark", this book does concern itself with a number of the main and troubling issues of our times. I could argue that this is not really about the Dark Net but more about looking at modern society, its psychology, sociology and consumerism, through the lens of the Internet and its less well known areas. There are parts of the book which are definitely about the Dark Net however there are substantial amounts that are about the Internet more generally. Moving to its conclusion the book takes on a philosophical slant and is maybe less about thinking outside the box and more about simply thinking - challenging our views on what we consider normal. The book's conclusions seemed well thought through to me and there are extensive references and further reading. I can honestly say I have rarely read such a good and relevant non fiction work and I found it hard to put down. Highly recommended not simply to those with an interest in the Internet but to those who are interested in modern society more widely.
Disclosure - I received an advance copy of this book from the publisher.
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